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Showing posts with label Corruption. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Corruption. Show all posts

The Truth Commission of Pakistan ” ٹروتھ کمیشن”



Corruption is deeply rooted in our society that no government can be free from the clutches of the corrupt mafia.

بدعنوانی کی جڑیں ہمارے معاشرے میں اتنی گہری ہو چکی ہیں کہ کوئی بھی حکومت یا ادارہ کرپٹ مافیا کے چنگل سے آزاد نہیں  …پڑھتے جائیں >>

1.There is a dire need for the patriotic, concerned citizens to come forward and establish THE TRUTH COMMISSION (No reconciliation).

2.THE TRUTH COMMISSION should comprise honest volunteers of high integrity from major segments of the society without any political bias or other interests.

3.They should formulate working procedures to take on the major corruption, mismanagement, and other issues of national interest and “Fix Responsibility”.

4.This would be is a moral commission/ pressure group, not a legal one.

5.It will build pressure at the official & unofficial level for accountability and reforms.

6.THE TRUTH COMMISSION will derive its moral strengths from public support via an “Online Public Support Counter”. The Counter and members of the Commission will provide moral legitimacy and strength.

7.Financial support (to Commission, not any person) will be through public donations to keep it free of the influence of vested interests.8. Suggestions for improvement of the proposal are welcomed. We must do something rather than cursing all the time.

Revised/ Updated: https://SalaamOne.com/truth/

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Islamic Revival رساله تجديد الاسلام ‏

An in-depth study of the Qur’an and Islamic religious history reveals startling facts. “Risala-e-Tajdeed-ul-Islam” is a message to develop positive change in the thought and practices of Muslims.
قرآن اور اسلام کے گہرے مطالعه سےحیران کن حقائق کا انکشاف ہوا، "رساله تجديد الاسلام" مسلمانوں کے انداز فکروعمل میں مثبت تبدیلی کا پیغام ہے:

Billions Down the Afghan Drain


India is reported as being “one of the largest donors of civilian aid to Afghanistan” and has recently undertaken to give the Kabul government another billion dollars, which is extremely generous of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, because, as CNN points out, there is in India “a stark picture of widespread rural poverty and deprivation.” According to the site Poverties “70 per cent of Indians don’t have access to decent toilets (which inspires a multitude of bacteria to host their own disease party); 35% of households don’t have a nearby water source and 85% of villages don’t have a secondary school.”
India’s space program costs 750 million dollars a year, and it spent 4 billion dollars hosting the Commonwealth Games. But although 300 million of its 1.2 billion citizens live in conditions that are wretched to the point of barely credible squalor it can still send a billion dollars to Afghanistan which is ranked as the third most corrupt country in the world.

That billion, indeed, might replace the billion stolen from the Kabul Bank, which, according to the US Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) last week, “operated as a massive pyramid scheme;  hundreds of millions of dollars had been fraudulently lent to fictitious companies, with no loan ever paid off . . . while ordinary Afghan citizens’ deposits were used to fund the fraudulent loans. Two of the principal beneficiaries of the fraudulent loans were Mahmoud Karzai and Haseen Faheem.”  Mahmoud Karzai is brother to the then President, Hamid Karzai, and now lives in luxury outside Afghanistan. Haseen Faheem is a brother of former Vice-President Mohammad Faheem (who was a corrupt savage) and also lives in luxury outside Afghanistan.

India’s billion dollars were promised during a visit to Delhi by Afghanistan’s President Ashraf Ghani who has been in power for two years and was reported by Reuters in October 2014 as “saying that he would re-open the inquiry into the theft of almost $1 billion from the bank, fulfilling a campaign promise to make fighting corruption a priority.”

As is clear from the SIGAR’s report, Ghani has done no such thing, and after fifteen years of US-NATO military operations and expenditure of colossal amounts of money Afghanistan is a catastrophe in which “the United States contributed to the growth of corruption by injecting tens of billions of dollars into the Afghan economy, using flawed oversight and contracting practices, and partnering with malign powerbrokers.”

As the UK’s Guardian newspaper highlighted : “In one damning episode in 2010, Hamid Karzai, the president at the time, ordered the release of an aide who had been caught on wiretap demanding a bribe to thwart an investigation into a money transfer firm accused of stealing $2.78 billion. Meanwhile, the same aide was also receiving payments from the CIA, even as he was targeted by US law enforcement agencies.”

Oh, what a tangled web is weaved, when the CIA is self-deceived.

Four days after the SIGAR’s indictment of US conduct in Afghanistan, the New York Times carried an Editorial titled The Afghan War Quagmire, which is an accurate description of the situation in the country.  But in all its 628 words of observation and comment the NYT didn’t once mention the SIGAR’s report. Certainly it regrets that “America’s longest war deteriorates into a slow, messy slog” — but it’s been a messy and catastrophic slog for years, and the NYT uses the word ‘corrupt’ once and ‘corruption’ not at all.

There is no criticism by the NYT of Washington’s crass incompetence over fifteen years of futile and poorly-directed military operations, or mention of the fact that 2,384 members of the US forces and 1,136 “Coalition” troops died in Afghanistan.  In its single use of the word ‘corrupt’ it observes that “The Afghan government remains weak, corrupt and roiled by internal rivalries. The casualty rate for Afghan troops is unsustainable. The economy is in shambles. Resurgent Taliban forces are gaining ground in rural areas and are carrying out barbaric attacks in the heart of Kabul, the capital.”  But that’s nothing new.  We’ve known for many years that the US-NATO war in Afghanistan was a lost cause.  (The NYT doesn’t mention NATO, either, which is extraordinary.)

The Editorial admits in its last sentence that “American taxpayers and Afghans, who have endured decades of war, need a plan better than the current policy, which offers good intentions, wishful thinking and ever-worsening results.”  Certainly there should be a plan to get Afghanistan out of its quagmire, but the NYT does not point out that American taxpayers were duped into supporting the fatuous US-NATO war by rabid propaganda, led by such as the NYT, which, we should remember, was an enthusiastic supporter of the war on Iraq.

It ignored the SIGAR’s report which records that over the years, among other things: US money flowed to the insurgency via corruption;  the Afghan government was so deeply enmeshed in corrupt and criminal networks that dismantling them would mean dismantling major pillars of support for the government itself; the United States collaborated with abusive and corrupt warlords, militias, and other powerbrokers who “gained positions of authority in the Afghan government, which further enabled them to dip their hands into the streams of cash pouring into a small and fragile economy;”  and, damningly, “People turned to the Taliban as a way of expressing opposition to the government.”

What the New York Times calls the “Afghan War Quagmire” has been caused by the US government and its NATO allies. The US Pentagon has been criminal in its incompetence.  The dead soldiers of US-NATO forces gave their lives for nothing.  Yet, in addition to Washington pouring its taxpayers’ money down the Afghan drain, the US-NATO military alliance has pledged “to help fund Afghan security forces to the tune of around $1 billion annually over the next three years.”  It is doubtful if many European citizens are aware of this generous commitment.

As the old saying has it : a billion here, a billion there, and pretty soon you’re talking real money. The 300 million Indians who live in bleak and dismal poverty have no idea that their government is throwing away a billion dollars, but India’s Prime Minister Modi and Afghanistan’s President Ghani declared that the money “would be used for building capacity in education, health, agriculture, energy, and infrastructure in Afghanistan.”

What is certain is that the countless Afghans who also live in bleak and dismal poverty will not reap the benefit of a single cent of that billion dollars.

As the US Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction put it so well : “Corruption is a corrosive acid — partly of our making — that eats away the base of every pillar of Afghan reconstruction, including security and political stability.”  The country is in dire straits, and the only hope is to persuade the Taliban and other nationalist militants to come to the negotiating table. The only difference that billions of dollars will make is to the bank accounts of corrupt Afghans living in luxury.

Related:
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Humanity, ReligionCultureSciencePeace

Agitation and uncertain politics

If political confrontation persists for some time, the political situation will become uncertain. The simmering discontent will then persist. However, some sudden triggering development either because of the confrontation between the PML-N and the opposition or because of adventurism on the part of the prime minister in his interaction with the establishment can create an entirely new political scenario. 》》》
http://tribune.com.pk/story/1157615/agitation-uncertain-politics/

Islam - with few Muslims

Over 1.6 Billions human beings believe in Islamic faith, a lot of them offer rituals of prayers, observe fasting, listen to sermons and perform Umrah or Hajj, but very few of them, in essence, follow teachings of Holy Prophet (PBUH) in their daily lives interacting with others, showing compassion, tolerance and respect for others. Emphasis is on delivering lectures and sermons, but there is no effort to implement what Quran or Sunnah obligates for Haquq ul Ebad.

Rulers of Muslim majority states lead lives of luxury, often at state expense, totally oblivious of suffering, poverty and curse of illiteracy which afflicts vast majority who live below poverty line. Laws and loopholes are intentionally tailor made to facilitate affluent in tax evasion and organized flight of capital from their countries driving them to a state of perpetual economic crisis, with no funds for education, health and security of life or private property. Yet billions are available to buy luxurious jets, limousines and build palaces spread over acres for tax evading ruling elite. State welfare is denied to most deprived sections of society, while it displays magnanimity in providing tax amnesties to rich and giving multiple plots and agriculture land at subsidised rates to paid members of civil or uniformed bureaucracy, cronies and political loyalists.

Most of Islamic states have vast natural and mineral resources, with no dearth of population, but invest least on human resource development. There is negligible investment in education, research or health, with net result that all Islamic states are at bottom of list of nations rated according to socio economic development indicators.

Although Holy Quran explicitly mandates inheritance rights of females, giving them right to marry of their choice, these basic rights are denied to them.

Countries like Pakistan over the years have witnessed rise in illiteracy because State has outsourced this vital constitutional obligation to private sector, some funded by foreign NGOs and governments, which has lead to rise in militancy, intolerance and a convoluted interpretation of Islam, which has nothing in common with what Holy Prophet (PBUH) preached. Islam, a religion of peace, love, compassion and tolerance for other faiths has been exploited by ruling elite to perpetuate their injustices and indulge in massive “Conflicts of Interest”, which are forbidden.

By MALIK TARIQ ALI
http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/07/26/comment/islam-with-a-few-muslims/



Panama Papers: What are they, who is involved and why are they important?

Have they exposed any crimes?
The shadowy financial dealings exposed in the leaks are not in themselves illegal but the ICIJ said the leaks show how "dark money flows through the global financial system, breeding crime and stripping national treasuries of tax revenues".
"Most of the services the offshore industry provides are legal," the report adds. "But the documents show that banks, law firms and other offshore players have often failed to follow legal requirements that they make sure their clients are not involved in criminal enterprises, tax dodging or political corruption.
"In some instances, the files show, offshore middlemen have protected themselves and their clients by concealing suspect transactions or manipulating official records."
Offshore accounts and shell companies are among the methods used to conceal the ownership of assets. Keep reading 》》》 http://m.timesofindia.com/world/us/Panama-Papers-What-are-they-who-is-involved-and-why-are-they-important/articleshow/51682037.cms

Nandi Pur Power Plant Corruption Scam

THE ego-fuelled haste with which the Nandipur power project was hustled along towards completion has now yielded up its fruit.

The power plant remains idle despite massive cost overruns, and the government, which once touted the project as an emblem of its can-do credentials, is now calling for an audit of the scheme.

What makes the whole affair even more troubling is that it comes in the middle of a large spurt in power projects, many of them connected with the China Pakistan Economic Corridor, and which the government is similarly trying hard to own as emblems of its success.

Also read: Nandipur power plant failure: what needs to be probed?

The Nandipur fiasco has rightly cast a shadow over those as well, since any government that can botch up this project can make a mess of the others too.

One large CPEC project in Gadani has already been wound up because it ran the risk of becoming another example of failure, but on a far bigger scale. Given this context, it is imperative that the Nandipur fiasco be examined very closely and the right lessons be drawn from it.

An audit of the project’s finances is certainly in order, but perhaps an investigation into the massive cost overruns, including an $80m remobilisation advance for the contractor and a $30m tab for conversion to a different fuel, should also be carried out.

But it is also important to add that thus far there is little to no evidence of corruption or any other irregularity that would merit the use of the word ‘scam’.

The project has suffered from a wide range of governmental failures — incompetence, poor planning, haste, lack of coordination — but whether or not there has been any criminal irregularity has not yet been determined.

The NAB investigation into the project is very old, and its results are yet to be known, but its focus is also on the earlier phase when the project languished due to neglect by the previous government.

The political parties that are seeking to raise this issue in the next session of parliament ought to direct their fire towards demanding greater scrutiny of the cost overruns, and the sequence of decision-making that resulted in a series of reversals in crucial questions, such as the choice of fuel for the power plant during its construction stage.

Who made what decision and when? If evidence of wrongdoing surfaces after this, it should be pursued with vigour.

Published in Dawn, September 15th, 2015
http://www.dawn.com/news/1207020

Freedom at risk ! آزادی خطرے میں ہے

One of the abiding myths of the last half of the 20th century was that democracy, combined with free trade, would lead to liberal societies and peace between nations.

The leading example of this notion was the United States. And indeed, in the 1950s and 1960s, it did seem to be the Promised Land. To the rest of us, Hollywood films depicted a nation where large cars and suburban homes were every American’s birthright.

During the Vietnam War, some of this image lost its gloss, but the American Dream continued to draw millions to the United States. The rest of the world was told that if we attained democracy and applied the capitalist model, we, too, could aspire to a car in every garage and a chicken in every pot.

And when the Soviet Union went into meltdown a quarter century ago, this was taken as the final victory of the American model over communism. History, as Francis Fukuyama famously announced, was dead. For a brief, euphoric moment, we thought the end of the Cold War would usher in an era of peace and prosperity.

Welcome, then, to the bloody new world of resurgent nationalism and religious extremism. Once suppressed by autocratic rulers allied to either of the two superpowers, these forces are now threatening to tear the world apart.

And yet there are more functioning democracies than ever before, and all of them are part of the global economy.

Take Russia as an example. Here we have a very popular, iron-fisted leader who has presided over a freewheeling capitalist system that has brought Russians an unprecedented level of prosperity. Granted, much of this was due to rising oil prices, and the Russian standard of living is now dropping with falling prices of oil. However, Putin remains personally popular, despite being as autocratic as ever.

Leaders with dictatorial tendencies continue to win elections.
Turkey provides us with another example of a democracy with a flourishing capitalist economy that is being increasingly run like an autocracy by its president, Recep Erdogan. Despite his growing despotic tendencies, Erdogan remains hugely popular, and continues to win elections with healthy majorities.

Finally, Sri Lanka’s Mahinda Rajapaksa is yet another example of an authoritarian ruler who spurns democratic values, and yet remains personally popular. Although he lost the last presidential election in January, this was due more to miscalculation and misplaced faith in his stars than a fall in his appeal.

A call for early polls encouraged the formation of a rare opposition alliance — allegedly backed by India — that defeated the president. But Rajapaksa remains popular with the majority Sinhalese voters, and managed to win 47pc of the popular vote despite the hatred he aroused among the Tamil and Muslim minorities. Now there is a real possibility of the ex-president bouncing back to power in the next general elections.

So how do we explain this popularity of leaders with dictatorial tendencies? Despite trampling over human rights and personal freedoms, they continue to win elections, and enjoy wide public approval. Could it be that their supporters want strong men to maintain order, even by using unconstitutional means? Another reason could be that the majority distrusts the educated, liberal elites who clamour for human rights.

John Grey, in an article published in Harper’s Magazine titled ‘Under Western Eyes’ writes: “That democracy can be a vehicle for tyranny was well understood by earlier generations of liberal thinkers. From Benjamin Constant, Alexis de Tocqueville, and John Stuart Mill through to Isaiah Berlin, it was recognised that demo­­cracy does not necessarily protect individual free­doms…

“Legal and constitutional protections have little force when majorities are indifferent or hostile to liberal values… Most hu­­man beings, most of the time, care about other things more than they care about being free. Many will vote for an illiberal government if it promises security against hardship, protects a way of life to which they are attached, and denies freedom to people they hate.”

Now, of course, few liberals concede that in certain circumstances, democracy can be used as an instrument of oppression against certain sections of the population. In the United States, that flag bearer of democracy, we have seen individual rights steadily circumscribed by the Patriot Act. The fear of Islamic terrorism has been used since 9/11 to curtail liberties, and to impose draconian laws that would not be out of place in a police state.

In Turkey, a conservative Anatolian majority supports Erdogan as he chips away at secular laws, marginalising the Westernised elites who ruled Turkey for decades. If some heads have to be broken, and secular newspapers have to be shut down, so be it.

But secularism by itself is no guarantee of human rights, either. The worst atrocities of the last century occurred under Nazi and communist rule, both entirely secular ideologies. So clearly, there are no certainties, no magic wand to ensure our freedom. What is needed is constant vigilance and a strong resolve.

Freedom at risk
by Irfan Husain, dawn.com
irfan.husain@gmail.com


آزادی خطرے میں ہے!

بیسویںصدی کے دوسرے نصف میں جس تصور نے دنیا کو اپنی گرفت میں لے لیا وہ یہ تھا کہ جمہوریت اور اس کے ساتھ جڑی ہوئی آزاد تجارت لبرل معاشروں اور اقوام کے درمیان امن قائم کر دے گی۔ اس تصور کی اہم ترین مثال امریکہ تھی۔ اس میں کوئی شک نہیں کہ پچاس اور ساٹھ کی دہائی میں ایسا لگتا تھا کہ امریکہ ہی وہ مثالی دنیا ہے جس کے لیے ''Promised Land‘‘ کی اصطلاح استعمال کی گئی۔ باقی دنیا کے لیے ہالی وڈ فلموں نے امریکی سرزمین کے بارے میں ایسی منظر کشی کی جیسے بڑی بڑی گاڑیاںچلانا اور کھلے گھروں میں رہنا ہر امریکی شہری کا پیدائشی حق ہو‘ لیکن ویت نام جنگ کے دوران یہ چمک قدرے ماند پڑ گئی۔ امریکی ڈریم نے بیرونی دنیا کے لاکھوں افراد کے تصوارت پر گرفت جمائے رکھی اور وہ امریکہ کی طرف ہجرت کرتے دکھائی دیے۔ باقی دنیا کو بتایا گیا کہ اگر ہم بھی جمہوریت اور سرمایہ دارانہ نظام اپنا لیں تو ہر گیراج میں کار اور ہر پلیٹ میں چکن ہو گا۔ جب ربع صدی پہلے سوویت یونین کا شیرازہ بکھرا تو اسے کمیونزم پر امریکہ کی حتمی فتح قرار دیا گیا۔ فرانسس فیکویاما (Francis Fukuyama)... بیسویں صدی کا مشہور امریکی سیاسی مدبر... نے واشگاف انداز میں تاریخ کے اختتامی سفر کی نوید سنا دی تھی۔ خوشی اور جوش کے مختصر سے دورانیے میں ہم نے سوچا کہ سرد جنگ کے اختتام کے بعد امن اور خوشحالی کا نہ ختم ہونے والا دور شروع ہونے والا ہے‘ لیکن جب پردہ اٹھا تو نئی دنیا بڑھتی ہوئی قوم پرستی، مذہبی انتہا پسندی اور دہشت گردی کے کانٹوں سے لہولہان تھی۔ اس انتہا پسندی کو کبھی آمر حکمرانوں، جن کا جھکائو دو سپر پاورز (امریکہ یا سوویت یونین) میں کسی ایک کی طرف ہوتا تھا، نے دبا کر رکھا ہوا تھا‘ لیکن اُن کے منظر سے ہٹتے ہی یہ جن بوتل سے آزاد ہو گیا۔ اب یہ ایک آزاد کردہ خون آشام درندے کی طرح دنیا کو بے رحمی سے بھنبھوڑ رہا ہے۔ خدشہ ہے کہ اس کے پنجے دنیا کے حصے بخرے کر دیں گے۔ 
آج کی دنیا میں پہلے سے کہیں زیادہ فعال جمہوریتیں ہیں اور یہ سب کی سب عالمی معیشت کا حصہ ہیں۔ روس کی مثال لے لیں۔ اس کے آہنی رہنما، مسٹر پیوٹن، نے فری مارکیٹ اور سرمایہ دارانہ نظام کو اپنا کر روسیوں کو غیر معمولی خوشحالی سے مستفید کیا‘ اگرچہ اس میں تیل کی بڑھتی ہوئی قیمت کا بھی ہاتھ تھا اور آج کل تیل کی قیمت کم ہونے کی وجہ سے روسیوں کو پھر مشکلات کا سامنا ہے، لیکن سخت گیر آمر ہونے کے باوجود پیوٹن ابھی تک ایک مقبول رہنما ہیں۔ جمہوریت کی دوسری مثال ترکی ہے‘ جو فروغ پاتی ہوئی آزاد معیشت رکھتا ہے؛ تاہم اس پر ایک آمرانہ مزاج کے صدر، مسٹر اردوان، کی حکومت ہے۔ آمرانہ رویوں کے باوجود وہ ملک میں بہت مقبول ہیں اور طویل عرصے سے انتخابات میں بھاری کامیابی حاصل کر رہے ہیں۔ 
سری لنکا کے مہندا راجا پاکسی ایک اور مثال ہیں‘ جنہوں نے جمہوری قدروں کو بالائے طاق رکھتے ہوئے آمرانہ طرز حکومت اختیار کیا اور بہت مقبول ہوئے۔ اگرچہ وہ گزشتہ انتخابات میں شکست سے دوچار ہوئے، لیکن اس شکست میں ان کی طرف سے اندازے کی غلطی، ستاروں پر ضرورت سے زیادہ بھروسہ اور کچھ غیر ضروری اعتماد کا عمل دخل تھا۔ ان کی مقبولیت اپنی جگہ پر برقرار ہے۔ دراصل اُنہوں نے قبل از وقت انتخابات کا اعلان کر دیا اور ان کے خلاف بھارتی پشت پناہی سے بننے والا اتحاد غیر معمولی طور پر فعال ہو گیا، اس سے سری لنکن صدر کو شکست سے دوچار ہونا پڑا۔ اس کے باوجود راجا پاکسی سنہالی آبادی میں بہت مقبول ہیں۔ تامل اور مسلمان اقلیتوں نے ان کے مخالف امیدواروں کو ووٹ دیے لیکن راجا پاکسی مقبول ووٹ کا 47 فیصد حاصل کرنے میں کامیاب رہے۔ اگلے عام انتخابات میں سابق صدر کے پاس دوبارہ اقتدار حاصل کرنے کا موقع ہے۔ 
اب سوال پیدا ہوتا ہے کہ ان آمرانہ رویوں کے حامل رہنمائوں کی مقبولیت کی کس طرح وضاحت کی جائے؟ انسانی حقوق اور شخصی آزادی کی پامالی کے باوجود وہ بدستور انتخابات میںکامیابی حاصل کرتے رہے ہیں۔ کہیں ایسا تو نہیں کہ ان کے ووٹرز اقتدار پر کسی طاقتور شخص کو دیکھنا چاہتے تھے جو امن و امان قائم کرے‘ چاہے اس کے لیے غیر آئینی طریقے ہی کیوں نہ استعمال کرنا پڑیں؟ ایک اور وجہ یہ ہے کہ عوام کی اکثریت تعلیم یافتہ، لبرل اور انسانی حقوق کے علم برداروں کو دل سے پسند نہیں کرتی۔ ''ہارپرز میگزین‘‘ میں شائع ہونے والے اپنے مضمون، ''Under Western Eyes‘‘ میں جان گرے لکھتے ہیں: ''ابتدائی نسل کے لبرل مفکرین کا خیال تھا کہ جمہوریت بھی جبر کا ہی ایک ذریعہ ہو سکتی ہے۔ بنجمن کونسٹنٹ (Benjamin Constant) سے لے کر الیکسز ڈی ٹوکیویل (Alexis de Tocqueville)اور جان سٹیورٹ ملز سے لے کر ایسائیہ برلن (Isaiah Berlin) تک، سب مفکرین کا خیال تھا کہ ضروری نہیں کہ جمہوریت شخصی آزادی کا تحفظ کرے۔ جب معاشرے کے اکثریتی دھڑے لبرل اقدار کے خلاف ہو جائیں یا اُنہیں ان سے کوئی سروکار نہ رہے تو آئینی اور قانونی تحفظ کے پاس کوئی طاقت نہیں رہتی۔ زیادہ تر انسان، اکثر اوقات آزادی سے زیادہ دیگر چیزوں کی پروا کرتے ہیں۔ اگر کوئی آمر بھی ان چیزوں کی فراہمی کا وعدہ کرے، جان و مال کو تحفظ دے تو لوگ اُسے ووٹ دیں گے۔ ایسا کرتے ہوئے وہ اپنی آزادی کو ترجیح نہیں دیں گے۔ ‘‘
ہو سکتا ہے کہ کچھ لبرل افراد یہ تسلیم کر لیں کہ مخصوص طبقوں کے خلاف مخصوص حالات میں جمہوریت کو جبر کے آلے کے طور پر بھی استعمال کیا جا سکتا ہے۔ امریکہ میں جمہوریت کے علمبرداروں نے Patriot Act بنا کر شخصی حقوق کو معطل کر دیا۔ نائن الیون کے بعد سے اسلامی انتہا پسندی کا ہوّا کھڑا کر کے شہری آزادیوں کو سلب کیا گیا اور ایسے سخت قوانین بنائے گئے جن کا تصور صرف ایک پولیس سٹیٹ میں ہی کیا جا سکتا ہے۔ ترکی میں اناطولیہ کا ایک قدامت پسند باشندہ مسٹر اردوان کی اس لیے حمایت کرتا ہے کہ انہوں نے سیکولر قوانین کا خاتمہ کرتے ہوئے مغربی ذہنیت رکھنے والی اُس اشرافیہ کو سائیڈ لائن کر دیا‘ جو کئی عشروں سے ترکی پر حکومت کر رہی تھی۔ سیکولر اخبار نہایت صفائی سے بند کر دیے گئے؛ یہ الگ بات ہے کہ سیکولرازم بھی انسانی حقوق کی مطلق ضمانت نہیں دیتا۔ گزشتہ صدی کا بدترین تشدد نازی اور کمیونسٹ حکومتوں کی طرف سے دیکھنے میں آیا اور یہ دونوں نظریات کے اعتبار سے سیکولر تھیں؛ چنانچہ اس وقت شخصی آزادی کی ضمانت دینے والی کوئی جادو کی چھڑی موجود نہیں۔ ہمیں اس کا تحفظ کرنے کے لیے مضبوط عزم اور پختہ ارادے کی ضرورت ہے۔

- See more at: http://m.dunya.com.pk/index.php/author/irfan-hussain/2015-04-25/11021/74844245#sthash.yTtKITd0.dpuf

The social contract debate in Muslim Countries

CAN the prevalent political unrest and discontent in Muslim societies be regarded as a desire for change? In other words, are Muslim societies in search of new social contracts?

The militant struggle is all about a complete repla­cement of existing social contracts with an Islamic code of life. Both non-violent radicals and traditional religio-political forces are pursuing varying agendas ranging from Islamisation of their respective societies to reformation of and adjustments in constitutions in line with their perceived Islamic ideals.

Interestingly, these Islamist forces are not satisfied with the systems of democracy, controlled democracy or monarchies in their respective countries. Does the problem really lie with Muslim societies’ social contracts with their states, or is it the outcome of other pressures Muslim societies are subjected to?

Various religious agendas are competing with the state’s social contract with its people.
While identifying the underlying unrest in underdeveloped or developing societies, academicians usually factor in pressures of rapid globalisation and a sense of increasing aspirations among people. It may be true in case of diaspora communities. Others underscore structural social, religious and political narratives and behaviours of these societies, which they believe are not compatible with the pace of changes taking place in the world. No doubt global changes affect our daily lives, positively or negatively.

The emergence of a new middle class is another aspect of the debate. Middle classes want political empowerment in their respective societies. Governance issues and increasing non-functionality of traditional delivery systems in Muslim countries is another factor. These and other factors of growing resentment among Muslim societies with their respective states and constitutions have combined with a dearth of scholarship.

Another important question is, should these factors — structural, internal or global — raise the need for subversion of existing social contracts or constitutions?

A social contract ensures harmonious socio-economic and political balance in a society and provides a framework for the formation of a government and laws and their enforcement. The Arab Spring has not been successful in many countries in terms of the formation of new social contracts.

Failure to develop consensus among all segments of society on a new social contract has pushed Egypt again into an authoritarian regime. Tunisia provides an important example of drafting a new social contract, where unlike the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, the Islamist Ennahda Movement did not insist on enshrining Sharia in the constitution and forged an alliance with secular parties.

Yemen is experiencing a different challenge in the formation of a new social contract, which is giving rise to questions of tribal and geographical representations in the constitution. Indonesia and Pakistan are among the Muslim nations where the constitutional reform process is intact and keeps ethnic communities together and tied to the state.

Even Muslim clergy in these countries is in favour of a continuity of the incumbent constitutional and democratic processes. A recent moot of leading religious scholars in Islamabad noted that Pakistan’s Constitution is a national-level social contract and in the light of Islamic teachings every Pakistani is bound to abide by it. Scholars also asserted that national-level disputes and conflicts, which are shared by all and not linked to particular religious sects or communities, should be settled on the basis of majority opinion. A minority cannot be granted the right to impose its opinion on the majority.

Although religious scholars do not regard democracy as a complete, ideal form of government, most of them believe it can be useful and effective for ensuring peaceful coexistence and pluralism in society. Interestingly, some religious scholars argue that even if rulers impose excessive taxes and force people to pay without legal justification for this, it is better for people to defend themselves by adopting peaceful ways than by revolting against the state.

The militants have different opinions and want to impose their version of the Islamic state through the use of force. The Constitution provides shields against militant, religious, anarchist, ultra-nationalist or ethnic ambitions that might seek to create imbalances in society.

The problem arises when political forces start believing in the extra-constitutional solution of issues, which ultimately encourages militants and ambitious radicals and strengthens anti-constitutional and anti-democratic narratives. Especially in the context of countries such as Pakistan, which has a long history of military interventions and domination of political institutions by the military, such narratives provide support to the militants.

The extra-constitutional power struggle within elites and powerful institutions creates confusion about the basic concept of a social contract. The extremists are the beneficiaries of such confusion and they use it for expanding their support bases across the country.

A review of the militants’ arguments reveals that they advocate an alternative system on the basis of loopholes in existing power structures. Asmatullah Muawiya, leader of a major Punjabi Taliban faction who recently renounced terrorism, had joined Al Qaeda and the Taliban on similar grounds. Muawiya had written letters to the media before the 2013 general elections and raised questions about the democratic system, which, he felt, was not providing relief to the common man. One of the reasons behind his renunciation of violence in Pakistan, is the ongoing debate among religious scholars on issues like violent struggles, the Constitution, democracy and Islam, which has created an intellectual challenge for the militants.

Usually, when political actors fail to gain their share in power, they directly attack the Constitution and suggest extra-constitutional measures to fix problems, which fundamentally are not linked with the Constitution. At the same time, powerful institutions, which is the military in Pakistan though the judiciary has tried to assert itself of late, sabotage the social contract. This subversion turns the power balance in their favour but in the longer run causes structural problems. This discourse in many Muslim countries is a primary factor behind their decline.

Muslim countries, especially Pakistan, cannot afford the subversion of their respective constitutions as the social imbalances and rise of violent and non-violent radicalism can completely transform the situation, which the radicals have shown they can achieve without paying a high price.
By Muhammad Amir Rana, dawn.com
The writer is a security analyst.
Published in Dawn, October 5th, 2014

Kings of Democracy - The mass effect

Under the rules of kingship, the masses were regarded as subjects whose chief duty was to be loyal to their ruler; they were not allowed to challenge his authority. The rulers derived their authority from divine power, which could not be criticised or challenged. The masses, as subjects, were required to be submissive and faithful to their ruler. To his subjects, the king was like a father whose responsibility was to protect them and take care of their needs. A genre of literature known as `Mirrors for Princes` provides guidelines to the rulers on the principles of ruling by maintaining justice.
This role of the masses changed completely during the French Revolution when they stormed the Bastille on July 14, 1789 and made an attempt to defy royal authority. The mob further asserted its power when it marched from Paris to Versailles, the royal residence, and brought the royal family to Paris where it remained under the watchful eyes of the people. The masses also stormed the national assembly and watched the proceedings of the assembly from the balcony.

The members were careful not to speak against the will of the peoplc and adopted a policy to suit their interests.

When France was invaded by other European powers to restore the monarchy, the masses joined the army to defend the revolution. This time they fought not for the king but for the country a great change in history. They marched to the war f`ront singing the marseillaise, the revolutionary song, to defend their nation against the invading enemies.
In 1792, when Maximilien de Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety assumed power and changed the whole political and social structure, Rousseau`s philosophy, in which he pleaded for the sovereignty of the people, was implemented. This ended the royal authority and shifted power to the people. These revolutionary changes turned the entire structure of the French society upside down.
During the reign of terror, which began in 1793, a large number of enemies of the revolution were executed. It is said that the Guillotine was introduced at this stage in order to punish all classes of people in the same manner. Before that, in case of capital punishment the nobles were beheaded, while commoners were hanged and women were strangled. Now, with the introduction of the Guillotine, people belonging to all classes were executed on the basis of`equality.

Another important step taken by the revolutionary government was to de-Christianise the French society. The church of Notre Dame was stripped of`all religious symbols and declared the church of supreme reason. A new calendar was introduced replacing the Christian one. However, these radical changes were checked when Robespierre was arrested and executed in 1795.

Although the radical phase of the French revolution ended, it provided an opportunity to Napoleon to establish his dictatorship. However, the role of the newly-empowered masses which had been radicalised during the revolution could not be changed. They played an important role in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848. The masses had learned to fight against the army; they had become expert in barricading the streets and put up resistance against the movement of the armed forces. When France was defeated by Germany in 1870, the people captured the city and the commune of Paris controlled its affairs; however, the army used brutal force; the ensuing mass slaughter wiped out any resistance against the government.

Since the French revolution, the masses have continued to play an important role in changing the political system. In Asia and Africa they struggled against colonialism and fought for freedom. In recent history, there are a number of examples when the masses came out on the streets against dictators and supported those political parties who were struggling for democracy.

The contribution of the masses is undeniable in establishing a democratic system based on fundamental rights and justice. Although they have been harassed, tortured and killed by law enforcing agencies, their spirit of resistance could not be crushed.

In Eastern Europe, the masses have suceceded in bringing about peaceful revolutions in their countries, while in the Middle East they protested to change the military-dominated governments. However, the outcome was not the establishment of democracy but the setting up of dietatorial government as in the case of Egypt.

In Pakistan, although the masses often protest against the government and demand for basic needs such as gas, electricity, employment and security. But since they are not organised, their protest is crushed by the police and they are sent back to their homes. They are not successful because they are not united in their efforts and have no support from the elite leadership of political parties. In this case, it is a waste of` their energy which would weaken their inspiration and hope to transform the society. The dream of achieving true sovereignty of the people is still a far away one in our country. 
         
by Mubarak Ali, Dawn.com


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